ืžืืžืจื™ื | ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืงืจืžื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”

ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืงืจืžื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”

ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื™ื ื’ื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืงืจื‘ืช, ืืฉืจ ื‘ื” ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืื“ื-ืืœ ืืฉืจ ืžืชื•ืš ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืคืจื“ื” ืขื ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื—ื™ื™ ืืœืžื•ื•ืช, ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื ืฆื—ื™ืช ื•ืื•ืฉืจ ืชืžื™ื“ื™ [1]. ืžื•ืœ ืชืคื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืืช ืชืคื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ, ื”ืชื•ืœื” ืืช ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื, ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื›ื™ืฉื•ืช ื ืฆื—ื™ืช ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืžืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœืžืฉื ื”ื•, ื™ืฉื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื™ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื•ืื”ื‘ื”. ืื ืœื ื ืคื’ื•ืฉ ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื–ื•, ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ, ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”.[2]
ย 
ืื—ืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•, ืžื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื, ื—ื™ื“ื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช, ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื” ืคืขื ืื—ืจ ืคืขื, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื™ื“ื” ื›ื–ื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ืฆืคื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”- ืฆืขื“ ืื—ืจ ืฆืขื“, ืจื•ื‘ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ืจื•ื‘ื“. ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ื• ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืชืžื•ื ืช ื ื’ื“ ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•,ืืฉืจ ืžื˜ืคื—ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื ืชื—ืช, ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืžื—ืœืงืช ื•ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉืชื”ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื–ื” ืืฉืจ ื—ื™ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ, ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืืคืœื” ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขืœื™ื , ืคืจื—ื™ื ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืช. ืืžื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื‘ื” ื›ื—ื™ื“ื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช. ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืืžื™ืจืชื• ื›ื™ ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื: ืงืจืžื” ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื[3]. ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืžื•ื”: ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืื“ื? ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช? ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช?
ย 
ื›ืชืžื™ื“ ืขื•ืœื” ืืฆืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืงื” ืฉืืœืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื™, ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ - ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื - ื”ื•ื ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื•, ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช[4]. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขืžื•ืง ืืฉืจ ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืืช ืงืฉืจื™ื• ืขื ื”ืืœื•ื”ื•ืช.[5] ื”ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช: ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื”, ืžืคื ื” ืขืฆืžื• ืœืคืŸ ืื—ืจ: ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช. ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื“ืจื™ื›ื• ืืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืข"ื™ ื”ืชื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช: ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืงื•ืกืžื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื‘ืื• ืžืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื•ื— ืืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื, ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื, ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืจื‘ื™-ื”ื•ื“, ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื›ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืจืขืจ ืขืœื™ื”, ื•ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืœื›ืช ืื—ืจื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉืคืœื•ืช ืจื•ื—. ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืกื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ืŸ ื•ื”ืœืคื™ื“ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช,[6] ืืœื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ืคืขื•ืœืชืŸ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื” ืฉื”ืื“ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื” ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•, ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืžื’ื‘ื•ื”, ื›ื™ ืื ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’, ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœืคืชื— ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ืขืฆืžื”, ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื” ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื” ื›ื™ืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื’ื ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืคืš ื”ืงืฉื‘ ืœืชื”ืคื•ื›ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืœื›ื•ื—ื• ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ืข, ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•.
ย 
ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืืœื” ืฉืžืคืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืื“ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื, ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ื•ืœื”ืคืชื— ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื•.[7] ย  ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืงืจืžื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืช: ืจืง ืื“ื ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ื•ื•ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžืขื•ื’ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ื•ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ืขื ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืืจืฆื™ื™ื, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”, ืืฉืจ ืชื›ืœื•ืœ ื’ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื, ื‘ืœื™ ืœืขืจืขืจ ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื•ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœื” ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืงืจืžื˜ื™ ื ืฉืืจื• ื ืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœื” ืขืฆื ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื”ืœืš ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืจ ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
ย 
ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืคื™ืฉืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืœื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื“ื•ืœืฃ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืฆื’ ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ื›ื›ื•ื— ืขืœ ืื ื•ืฉื™, ืจื‘ ืขื•ืฆืžื”, ืฉื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืžืชื’ืžื“ื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืชื•, ื•ื›ืœ ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžืžื ื• ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืœื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ื›ื•ื‘ื“ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืื“ื, ื•ื”ื”ื›ืจืขื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ืžื”ืœื›ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื. ืื ื• ืžืชื•ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ืืš ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช, ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืœืคืขื•ืœื”, ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื”ื ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ื™ื ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืžื”ืœื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“. ื”ืืžื™ืจื”: "ื”ื›ืœ ืฆืคื•ื™ ื•ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื ืชื•ื ื”" ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ืจืื•ื™, ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ืžืชืคืงื“ ื›ืžืขื™ืŸ waze ย  ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™, ืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื. ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืžืชืžืฉืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื.
ย 
ย 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”21 ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืืชืจื™.[8] ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืืชืจื™, ื”ืžืชื ืชืง ื•ื”ื•ืœืš ืžืŸ ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™, ืชืœื•ื™ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืื“ื ืžืขืžื™ืง ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ืชื•, ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืžืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจืช, ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื—ื™ื” ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช, ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืืฉ, ืžื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืกื›ืžื˜ื™ืช, ืชื‘ื ื™ืชื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื•ื ื” ื›ืœื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•ืจืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžืคื’ืฉ ื—ื“ืฉื” ื ื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืชืงืจื‘ืช ืืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื”ื ื—ืœืฅ ืžืŸ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช. ื›ืœื™ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ โ€“ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืœื‘- ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ื•ืืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืจืขื™ื•.
ย 
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืงืจืžื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื•ืœื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืงืจืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™? ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ืข: ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ ื ืชื‘ืงืฉ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืœื—ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ืœืช, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืžืจืง ืื—ื“ ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ืžื ื™ื” ืขืœืชื” ืขืฉืจื™ื ืคืคื ื™ื’, ื—ื™ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœ ื—ืžืฉ ืœื—ืžื ื™ื•ืช, ืœื”ืคืชืขืชื• ืงื™ื‘ืœ โ€“ืฉืฉ, ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉื‘ื• ืžื™ ืฉืงื ื” ื—ืžืฉ ืœื—ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ื—ื™ื ื. ื”ืืจื•ืข ื”ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ื›ืจื” ืฉื—ื•ืงื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืฆื˜ืœื‘ืช, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื—ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืืจื•ืข, ื”ืชื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืง ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืชื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืกืงื ื” ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื”. ื’ื ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ ืžื ืกื™ื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ื’ื“ ืœืขืจืขืจ ืืช ืืžื•ื ืช ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืงืจืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื–ื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื’ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ื’ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืงืจืžื˜ื™ ืฉื ื™ืกื— ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ. ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืงืจืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ืฉืคื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืชืื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ ืžืชื•ืš ืงืฉื‘ ืœืืจื•ืข. ื—ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืœื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืืฉืจ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื™ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื™ื ืกืคื™ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื” ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืžื” ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื. ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืงืจืžื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื•ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืงืจืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืขืจืขืจ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื•ืชืŸ, ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืœื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืคืขื ื— ืงืจืžื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื, ืืœื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื- ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉื ื™ื“ื•ื ื” ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื›ืชื ื•ืขื” ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช, ื”ื ืชื•ื ื” ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ื•ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช. ื—ื•ื›ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื‘ื•ืœื” ื‘ืื”ื‘ื”. ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ืื•ืžืจ: "ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื ื™ื’ืœื” ืืช ืžื”ื•ืชื•."[9] ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืื™ืช ื’ื•ืจืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื•ืœืช, ืื ืœื ื ื‘ื•ื ืืœื™ื• ืžืชื•ืš ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ืžืชื•ืš ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ืœืกืœืง ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืืœื™ื•, ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืืช ืžื‘ื˜ื ื• ื•ืžืกื™ื˜ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืืžืช.
ย 
ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื’ื ืœืงืจืžื”, ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืœืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืžืขืžื™ืง ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื’ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื›ืจ ื•ืขื•ื ืฉ, ย ื ื•ืฆืจ ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื•ืช. ืขืœ ื›ืš ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืกืœื™ื—ื”.[10] ื”ืื“ื ื”ืกื•ืœื— ืžื—ืœืฅ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ืกืœื— ืžืŸ ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ื ื•ืขื•ื ืฉ. ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ื™ืžื” ื”ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืžืœื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืŸ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ืœื ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืœ 'ืฉืŸ ืชื—ืช ืฉืŸ ื•ืขื™ืŸ ืชื—ืช ืขื™ืŸ'. ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืื“ื ื”ืกื•ืœื— ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืชื™ื ื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื–ื” ืืฉืจ ืคื’ืข ื‘ื•, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ื‘ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืžืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื“ื ืกื•ืœื— ืกืœื™ื—ื” ืžืœืื” ืžืขื•ืžืง ืœื™ื‘ื•, ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืชื— ืคืชื— ืœืฉืคืข ื”ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืžืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืขืฆืžื•. ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื– ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ืงืฉืจ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉืœื• ืœืคื•ื’ืข, ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ื•ืคืจื” ื•ื ื‘ื’ื“ื”, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ืงืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื•ืœื” ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืื— ืฉื ืคืœ ื•ืœืื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื›ืฉืœื”. ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืœื™ื—ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืœืชื•ื›ื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืกื“, ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื™ืขืฆื‘ื• ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ-ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื’ืžื•ืœ ื•ืขื•ื ืฉ ื™ืฉ ื ืชื™ื ื” ื•ืื”ื‘ื”. ื’ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื’ื•ืจืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืกืœื™ื—ื”. ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ืžื›ื‘ื™ืจ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืžื›ื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืืกื•ื ื•ืช, ืžื—ืœื•ืช, ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืคืจื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืจื ืขืช. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ืชืจืกื” ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืฉืžื™ื, ืืš ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ืื‘ืœ ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืงื‘ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ. ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื” ืฉืžื—ืœื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ. ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืขื ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื‘ื™ื: ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ, ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ, ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ. ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื ื•ืข ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืชืจืกื” ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื›ื™ ื’ื ื”ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžืื”ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืœ. ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืœืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืขืžื™ืง. ื”ืื“ื ืฉืœ ื™ืžื ื• ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ [11], ื”ืื“ื ื”ืกื•ืœื— ื™ืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื ื—ื ื•ื”ืžื—ื‘ืง ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืฉื™ ื•ืžืฆื•ืงื”.[12]
ย 
ย 
ื›ืš ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ื• ืื“ื ื—ื•ื•ื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ื•ื•ืœื“ ืœื”ื•ืจื” ืืฉืจ ืคื’ืข ื‘ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื” ื”ืชืžืจื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื•ืจื” ืœืžืฆื•ื, ื“ืจืš ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืœื‘ื ื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืืฉืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื”ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื. ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื›ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ื•ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืืžืŸ ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื• ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืœื™ื“ื”, ืืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ืœืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ืคื•ื’ืขืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ื•ืœืคื’ื•ืข ืฉื•ื‘: ื”ืคืขื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื‘ ืœื‘ื ื•. ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื›ื–ื• ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื”ื ืก, ืกื˜ืจืื“ืจ ื•ืชื™ืื•ื“ื•ืจื”. ื™ื•ื”ื ืก ืคื™ืชื— ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืืœ ืชื™ืื•ื“ื•ืจื”, ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืกื˜ืจืื“ืจ, ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื’ืจืžื• ืœืžื•ืชื”. ืžืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื•ื— ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืชื™ืื•ื“ื•ืจื” ืืœ ื‘ืขืœื” ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืžืžื ื• ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื™ื•ื”ื ืก ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช.[13]
ย 
ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ืžืชื’ื‘ืจืช ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืœื“ื™ ืื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื• ืื• ื™ืœื“ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื›ืš ื’ื ื›ืŸ.[14] ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืืœื”, ืืฉืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ื•ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ืงืฉื™ื™ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืงื•ืฉื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš- ืœืงื—ื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื“ืจืš ื™ืฉื•ืชื ื•ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื”ื ืขื ื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ืืช ื‘ืฉื•ืจืช ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ืื—ืจ. ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉื”ื ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ื™ืฉื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช , ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื•ืœื ื™ืœื“, ื•ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•. ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ื“ืจืš ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ื”ื–ื” ื”ื ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืคืชื— ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ืขืฆืžื, ืืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืชื ื•ืืช ื ื˜ื™ื™ืชื ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™.
ย 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื”ืงืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจ[15], ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื” ืืช ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“, ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืฉืืช ืืช ื’ื•ืจืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“. ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืืžืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื–ื•ื’ื™ื™ื. ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื–ื•ื’ื™ ื ื—ื•ื•ื” ื›ืงืฉื” ืžืื™ ืคืขื ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื”. ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื‘ื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœื ืฉื™ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื•ื’. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืื‘ืงื™ ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื ืคืจื“, ื”ืืžื™ืจื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื: "ื’ื•ืจืœืš ื’ื•ืจืœื™, ืืช ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืขืžืš ืžื—ื™ื™ืš ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื - ืื ื™ ืืฉื ืื™ืชืš, ืื ื™ ืืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื—ื™ื™ืš, ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื•ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ืš- ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™. ืื ื™ ืื”ื™ื” ืื™ืชืš ื‘ืฉื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ื›ืื‘, ื•ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื ืžืฆื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ื”ืชื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช." ื‘ื“ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืกื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืง ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืงื— ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื’ื•ืจืœ ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ[16]. ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”- ืงืจืœ ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ืฉืจึถืจ- ืžื•ืฆื’ ืข"ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ื›ื’ื™ืœื’ื•ืœ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืฉืœ ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ. ืžืฉื™ืžืชื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ืชื” ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื›ืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืจื•ื—ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ. ืฉืจืจ, ื”ื ืฉืžื” ื”ืืคืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืช, ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื•ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชื• ื•ื›ืš ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•. ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžื›ืจืขืช, ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืืฉืจ ืืคืฉืจื” ืœื• ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืจื•ืช ื›ืื“ื ืืฉืจ ืœื ืจืง ื—ื•ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ, ืืœื ืžื’ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื ืขืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ื™ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืจืœ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืคืื˜ืืœื™ื–ื ื•ืคืืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ื™ ืชืคื™ืฉืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืคื•ืชื—ืช ืื•ืคืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช.
ย 
ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื ืจืื” ื—ื•ืง ื”ืงืจืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ืžื˜ื•ื˜ืœืช. ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืื™ื ืงืจื ืฆื™ื” ืื—ืช ืฆื“ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื ืžืœืš ื•ื‘ืื™ื ืงืจื ืฆื™ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืขื‘ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ. ืืช ื”ื ื˜ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื: ืื“ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืžื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื - ื ืจืชืข ืžื›ืœ ื‘ืžื”. ืื“ื ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืœืจืขื” ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื• ืžืคื—ื“ ืžื›ืœ ืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ื•ื›ื•', ืืš ืขื ื”ื‘ืฉืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื ืคืชื—ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ื’ื ืขืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ื˜ืœืช. ื”ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•, ื–ื” ืืฉืจ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื, ื•ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื ื’ื“ื™ ืืฉืจ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆืจื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื•ื“ื—ืคื” ืื•ืชื• ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื ื’ื“ื™. ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ืœืื—ื“ ืžื”ื.
ย 
ืขืœื™ื ื• ย ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื•ืงืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“, ืงืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ื•ืงืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ[17]. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื™ืจื— ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื—ืจื˜ื ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื, ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ, ื”ืฉืœื ื•ื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœื ื•. ื‘ืžืกืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ื“ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ืืช ื”ื›ืคื™ืœ ืฉืœื ื•, ืืช ื”ืฆืœ ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื ืงื™ื™ื. ืฉื ื›ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื˜ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืคื•ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืงืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื–ื•ืจืขื™ื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืจืขื”ื• ืืช ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื•ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ. ื–ืจืขื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืคื•ื’ืฉื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”. ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื–ืžื ื ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื ื• ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ื–ื•. ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืœืฉื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉืื ื• ื›ื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•ืชื ื• ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”. ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืœืฉื™ืื• ื‘ืžื—ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ื ื’ืจื™ื” ืืฉืจ ืชื™ื™ืฆืจ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืื’ื“ื•ืช, ืžืชื ืคืฆืช ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืงืจืžื” ื”ืœื ืคืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื. ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืืฉืจ ืžื‘ื™ื ื’ื ืœืžื•ืชื• ื‘ื˜ืจื ืขืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื–ื โ€“ ืกื˜ืจืื“ืจ. ืืš ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืช ื›ืš ื ืจืื™ืช ื’ื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช. ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื” ื”ืงืจืžื” ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ืขืœ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜, ืจื™ื‘, ืฉืกืข ื•ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ- ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš.
ย 
ืœืื“ื ืืฉืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืงืจืžื” ืฉืœื•, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืขืกื•ืง ืงื•ื“ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“. ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช: "ืื™ืคื” ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ? ืื™ืคื” ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื™? ื‘ืžื” ืื ื™ ื ืื‘ืง ื‘ืชื•ื›ื™?" ื”ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื ื•ืชื ืช ืขื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืงืจืžื” ื•ืžืขื˜ืคืช ืฉืœืชื•ื›ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื›ื ืก. ืื—ืช ื”ืื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืœืขื‘ืจ. ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื , ืœืžืฉืœ, ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื–ืจ, ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชืงืขื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช, ืืš ื–ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืขื‘ืจ, ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” - ืื™ ื”ืื‘ื—ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ. ืœืžืฉืœ: ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืืฉืจ ื ืจืชืข ืžื—ื™ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื—ื™ื™ ื ื–ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืจืง ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืžืฆื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืžื•ืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื•ืื‘ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš, ืฉื ืจืื™ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ืช. ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”ื• ื”ืืชื’ืจ ืืฉืจ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืืžืช ืœืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื.
ย 
ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•? ื›ืžื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ? ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ ืžืจื•ืกืง ืœืื—ืจ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ, ืกื™ืคืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื‘ื’ื“ ื‘ืืฉืชื• ืคืขื ืื—ืจ ืคืขื. ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื‘ื’ื•ื“ , ืืš ืœื ืขืžื“ ื‘ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืชื•. ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืฉื ืชืคืฉ ื‘ื•ื’ื“- ื”ื™ื ืขื–ื‘ื” ืื•ืชื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื• ื’ื“ืœ,ืขืœ ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉื‘ื’ื“ ืชืžื™ื“ ื•ืขืœ ืื™ืžื• ื”ืงืจื” ืฉื”ืฉืื™ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืจืขื‘ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืกื•ืคืง ืœืงื™ืจื‘ื” ื•ื—ื•ื, ื•ืืžืจ ืฉื ืจืื” ืœื• ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ืื—ืจืช. ืืš ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 25, ื‘ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื• ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘, ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืกื“ื ืื•ืช ื’ืฉื˜ืืœื˜. ื”ื•ื ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืชื•ืš ื’ืื•ื•ื” ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืœื‘ื“. ื”ื™ื•ื, ื—ืžืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ืฉื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื•, ืฉื‘ื” ื ื›ืฉืœ ื•ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืฆืข ืœื• ืข"ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื›ืคืชื™ื™ื ืฉื“ืื’ื• ืœื•. ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื ืฆืžืชื™ื ื•ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื—ืžืฆื•, ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืงืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืคืชื—ื” ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช- ืข"ื™ ืžืคื’ืฉ, ืข"ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ืœื ื”ืงืฉื‘ื ื• ืœื•, ืข"ื™ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื- ื•ืื™ืœื• ืงืจืžืช ื”ื™ืจื— ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ื—ืžืฆื ื• ืืช ื”ืจื’ืข.
ย 
ืœื ืžืงืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื™ื—ื” ื‘ื”ืื’ ืขื ื•ืœื˜ืจ ื™ื•ื”ื ืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ย ืฉื‘ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ื›ื™ ืžืฉื™ืžืชื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืงืจืžื” ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื™ืฉืืจ ื›ื‘ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืจื•ืช. ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืืœื” ื˜ื•ืจื“ืช-ื”ืžื ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ. ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ื ื—ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ืฉื ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ืื“ื ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ื•ืžื ื”ืœื•ืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืœืขื™ื. ืžื˜ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ื”, ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืื“ื ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ื•ืœืš. ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื›ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื•, ื”ืขืžืงื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžื‘ื™ืื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจืคืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช - ืื•ืชื ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืชื•ื›ื ื• ืืฉืจ ื”ื“ื—ืงื ื• ื•ื”ืžึทืชื ื• ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืŸ ืžืงื•ื, ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื•ืชืŸ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช. ื›ืš ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื”ืงืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉืื™ืคื” ืœื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื–ื•. ืœืœื ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืงืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ, ื•ื”ืฉืื™ืคื” ืœื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ื”ืžื ื™ืขื” ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืจื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืกืชืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืชื ื•.
ย 
ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืงืจืžื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”
ย 
ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1902 ื ื™ืกื” ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ืœืชืช ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืงืจืžื” ื•ื ื™ืชืงืœ ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืขื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืกื•ืคื™ื.[18]. ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืื—ืจื™ ื™ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื›ื ืก ื—ื’ ื”ืžื•ืœื“, ื ื‘ืขื” ืžืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืœ ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืคืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ; ื›ืžื• ื ืคืชื— ืกื›ืจ ื•ืืฉื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื™ื“ืข ื–ืจื ืœืขื•ืœื. ื’ื ืคื” ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ ืขื ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื•ื—. ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช (ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™) ืขื ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช (ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™), ื”ื™ื” ืืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืžืฆื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ. ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืื™ืš ื™ื’ื™ื‘ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื•ื— ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ืกืจ ืชืงื“ื™ื ื›ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื• ืžืชืงื“ืฉ ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืืจืฆื™ืช -ืžืขืฉื™ืช[19]. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืขืฉื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืžืฅ, ืœืœื ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืœืœื ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื•ืžืชื•ืš ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื” ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช. ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื•ื— ื‘ืื” ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืฉืคืข ืฉืœ ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื’ื•ืจืœ ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื.
ย 
ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืงืจืžื” ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื“ืจ ืขืžื•ืง ืœืชื•ืš ื™ืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ืœื ืจืื” ื–ืืช ืืฃ ืคืขื ื›ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™, ืืœื ื›ืžื—ืงืจ ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื”ื›ืจื— ื›ื•ืื‘ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืขืฆืžื•. ื”ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืงืจืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื™ืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืคื™ืœ ื•ืžืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ื›ื•ืื‘ืช, ืžืžื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื‘ืจื•ื—. ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื”ื™ื•ื, ื ื•ื‘ืข ย ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ย ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ืื•ืชื ืฉื“ื™ื ืžืจื™ื‘ืฆื, ืฉื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืคืจ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื›ื” ื•ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฉื.[20] ืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืกื›ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืงืจืžื”. ืกื›ื ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ย ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืขืฉื” ื˜ื•ืžื‘ืจื’ (ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืœืงืชื•ืœื™ื•ืช) ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืงืจืžื”. ื˜ื•ืžื‘ืจื’ ื ื”ื’ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื ืื™ื ืงืจื ืฆื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื›ืš ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืื•ืชื ืœืฆื™ื“ื•.[21]
ย 
ืกื›ื ื” ืื—ืจืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงืจืžื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ. ื”ืืžื™ืจื”: "ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื™ ื—ื•ื‘ ืงืจืžื˜ื™" ื”ื™ื ืคืกื•ืœื” ื‘ืชื›ืœื™ืช. ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืงืจืžื” ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืงืจืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื•ื‘ืฉื•ื ืคื ื™ื ืœื ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืงืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืžืื—ืจื™ื. ื’ื ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœืืฉืžื” ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื. ื”ืชื ืขืจื•ืช ืžืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืกื—: "ืืชื” ื‘ื—ืจืช ืœื”ื•ื•ืœื“ ืืฆืœื™ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ื”ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชืš" ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืจืขื” ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืงืจืžื”. ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื•ืœืช ืื™ื ื” ืžืงื˜ื™ื ื” ืืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื ื• ืฉืœื ื• ืœืฉื’ื™ืื•ืชื ื•. ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืจืžื” ืจืง ืžืขืฆื™ื ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืžื—ืœื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื”.
ย 
ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื ื’ื“ื™ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื”ืกื›ื ื” ื”ื”ืคื•ื›ื” - ื”ืคื—ื“ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ืงืจืžื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืคื—ื“ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื“ืง ื‘ืืžื™ืจื”: "ื ื—ื›ื” ืขื“ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืจืื™ื” ืจื•ื—ื™ืช ื•ืื– ื ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื–ื”", ืืžื™ืจื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืืช ืงืจื™ืืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืืฉืจ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกืฃ ืžืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ื“ื™ื•, ื•ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืžืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืฃ.[22] ืืžื™ืจื” ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืœื•ืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื”ืงืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื” ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื™ืฉืŸ, ืืœื ืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื•ืœืžื™ื“ื”.
ย 
ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืžื™ื• ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื”ืฆื™ื’ ย ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืขืฆืžื - ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืฉืœืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื™ืฉ ืงืจืžื” ืงืฉื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”.[23]"ืœืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืฃ ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื›ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงืจืžื” ืฉืœื• ืžืืฉืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ืืœื• ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืงืืจืžื” ืžืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื•ืื ื—ื•ืœืคื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื•ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงืจืžื” ื‘ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช, ื–ื” ืื›ืŸ ื ืคืจืข ืžืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ืฆื“. ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื’ื ื›ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงืจืžื”; ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื”ืงืจืžื˜ื™ืช, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืฃ ืืžื™ืชื™. ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงืจืžื” ื‘ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื ืคืจืข ืข"ื™ ืžื—ืœื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช, ืข"ื™ ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.[24] " ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืกื“ืจ ืœืงืจืžื”[25]. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขืžืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ื, ื”ืžืชืงืฉื” ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื”ืงืจืžื” ื”ืงืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืงืจื™ืื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•, ื”ื›ืื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ืœืคื™ื“ ืฉื‘ืขื–ืจืชื• ืจื•ืฆื” ื”ื ืคืฉ ืœืคืขื ื— ืืช ืฆืคื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื›ืžื”ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื“ืจ, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” , ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจืคื- ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื. ื›ืš ื ื•ืขื“ื• ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ืœ ื—ืœื•ืฅ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื’ืฉืฉืช ืืช ื“ืจื›ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ื”, ื•ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื›ืื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ ย ืœื”ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื”.
ย 
ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ืœืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ื”ื™ื” ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืœืื™ื–ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืงืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื: ืœื ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื–ืงื ื•ืช ืื• ืœื ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช.[26] ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื–ืงื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉื—ื–ืจื• ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืื“ืžื” ื”ื—ืœ ืžืœืžื•ืจื™ื”. ืœื ืฉืžื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื™ื ืงืจื ืฆื™ื•ืช. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื–ืงื ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื–ืงืŸ. ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื–ืงื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื. ื”ืŸ ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื•ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžืœืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืœืฆื“ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช. ืœื ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืจืื• ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ ืžืขืฉื”. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืชื™ืื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื™ื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื–ื•. ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืื—ืจื™ 1918, ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื˜ื™ื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื, ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื“ื™ื˜ื˜ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช, ื‘ื”ืจื’ืฉืช ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืžื“ืข ื•ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื™ื”[27].
ย 
ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื ืจืื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื’ื™ืฉื•ืจ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ, ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื‘ ืฉื“ื•ื‘ืจ ย ื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืงืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ืขืœื” ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ืžืœื•ื ืขื•ื–ื•. ื”'ื–ืงื ื™ื' ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืงื‘ืฆื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืจื™ื” ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ื“ื•ืœืฃ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ, ืžืชื•ืš ืชืคื™ืฉื” ืฉืœืœื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืจื•ื— ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื”'ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื' ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื˜ื” ื•ื’ืžืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžืœื•ื ื”ืชื ื•ืคื”, ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื›ื™ืชื”, ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืคืฆืช ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื‘1930 ืืจื’ื ื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžื—ื ื” ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืืœืฃ ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืกื˜ืงื ื‘ืจื’, ืœืฉืžื•ืข, ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื•ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”. ื›ืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช ืžืฆื“ ื”'ื–ืงื ื™ื' ืืฉืจ ืจืื• ื‘ื” ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืฆื“ืง ืขื ื”ืขื•ืžืง ืฉื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉืช. ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื ื–ื›ืชื” ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”'ื–ืงื ื™ื' ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ืข"ื™ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื.
ย 
ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ืกื˜ืคืŸ, ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ, ื—ื‘ืจ ืœืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ื˜ื” ื•ื’ืžืŸ ื•ื˜ื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ "ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื”,"[28] ืขื ื”ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืจืžื” ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช. ื‘1935 ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืœื”ื•ืฆืืชื ืฉืœ ืื™ื˜ื” ื•ื’ืžืŸ ื•ืืœื™ื–ื‘ื˜ ื•ืจื“ื” ืžื”ื ื”ืœืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช, ื•ืœืคืจื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืช ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช. ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื• ื ืืกืจื” ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืข"ื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ื ืืฆื™. (ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื’ื ืœื ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืœืื—ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช, ื ืฉืžื•ืช 'ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื' , ืืฉืจ ืžื”ืŸ ืฆืžื—ื• ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขืฆืžื”.) ื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”20 , ื”ื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืจื ื”ืื—ืจ. ื•ื›ืš ื‘ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื•ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ย ื™ืจื“ ืœื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20 . ืžื™ ืืฉืจ ื™ื ืกื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืขืžื•ืง ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืงื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื.
ย 
ื”ื–ืจื ืืฉืจ ืœืงื— ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืงืจืžื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื–ืจื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื. ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืงืจืžื” ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ื•ืื™ื˜ื” ื•ื’ืžืŸ. ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ืื•ืžืจ ื‘1924, ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•, ื›ื™ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืงืจืžื”.[29] ย ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžืขืฉื”, ืืฉืจ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ืืžืช ื ืฉืขื ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืคื™ื“-ื‘ืง ื•ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”, ืืฉืจ ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืงืจืžื˜ื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ. ื‘ืขืชื™ื“, ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืœื™ ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื—ืจ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื™ืช. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ืขืกืงื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื–ืœื™ืžื ืก ื•ืืŸ ืืžื™ื›ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื. ื”ื–ืจื ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืœื™ื‘ื›ื•ื“, ืืฉืจ ื™ื™ืกื“ ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื•ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืงื•ืŸ ื•ืืŸ ื”ืื•ื˜ืŸ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื ื” ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ 'ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ'. ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืŸ ื•ืืŸ ื”ืื•ื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืงืจืžื” ืžื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจืชื• ืœืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช.[30] ื•ืืŸ ื”ืื•ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื ื” ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืงืจืžื˜ื™ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืกืคื™ืจื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืœืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืžื™ื“ืช ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื. ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื”'ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ' , ืืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื ืจื›ืฉืช ื‘ืขืžืœ ืจื‘ ืœืคืขื•ืœ, ื•ืœื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืžื•ืฉืจืฉื™ื ืขืžื•ืง. ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช, ืœืœื ืกืžื›ื•ืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืชื— ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื‘, ืืฉืจ ืžืชืงืจื‘ืช ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืœืจืื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื. ืืœ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื”ืžืชื’ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ืงืจืžื˜ื™ ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ ืžืฆื˜ืจืฃ ื’ื ืืจืžื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืื’ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
ย 
ื‘ืงื•ืจืก ื”ืงืจืžื” ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืฆืื ื• ย ืฉืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฆืœื•ืœ ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืงืจืžื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืžื” ืฉืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ืžื›ื ื” ื”'ืืจื•ืข ืฉืœื ื ืจืฆื”'[31]. ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœ ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ื”ืœื‘ึตื ื”- ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืื“ื ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืืจื•ืข ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉื ืจืื” ืœื• ืืจื•ืข ืจืข, ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืžื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื’ืจื ืœืืจื•ืข ื”ื–ื”. ืื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช: ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื•ื ื•ืคืœืช ืขืœื™ื• ืœื‘ึตื ื”, ื•ืื– ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื•ื ืจืฅ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื’ื’, ื–ืจืง ืืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื” ื•ืื– ื—ื–ืจ ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื˜ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื” ื‘ืจืืฉ. ื”ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืคื•ืชื— ืžื™ื“ ื‘ืžื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜. ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืงื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื™ ื”ืืจืฆื™, ื”ืžื•ื—ื”, ืžืชื ื’ื“ ื•ืžืชืจื™ืก ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืืจื•ืข, ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืงื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ ื•ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช. ื–ื”ื• ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืจืžืช ื”ื™ืจื— ื•ืงืจืžืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื›ืคื™ืœ ืฉืœื•. ื”ื›ืคื™ืœ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช, ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืื• ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืคื—ื“ ืžืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืงืจืžื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืคื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ืฉื“ื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ืืš ืœืœื ืžืคื’ืฉ ย ืขื ื”ืฉื“ื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืจืš ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืื™ืชื ื•ื’ื ื”ื›ืœื”, ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืง ื•ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’- ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžื”ืฉืคืขืชื, ื•ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื™ื—ื“ ืื™ืชื.
ย 
ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื”ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืงืจืžื” ืฉื•ืœื— ืืช ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื• ืœื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื[32]. ื”ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ย ืืช ื”ืงืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื—ืงื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืœื”ืขืžืงื” ืœืชื•ืš ื–ืจืžื™ื ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืคื’ืื ื™, ื”ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืื ื™ ื•ืœื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื—. ย ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ืฉืชืœืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืขื ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช. ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืืชืจื™ ื ื‘ื ื” ืžืชื•ืš ืžืชื•ืš ื—ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ืช, ื”ื ืคืชื—ืช ืœืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืขืžืงื” ื•ื”ืคื ืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ื“ืข ื›ืœืœื™.
ย 
ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืจืื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืงืจืžื˜ื™. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ืœืงื™ื.[33]
ื’ื™ืœ 0-21 ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื” ืงืจืžื˜ื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ื‘ื• ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืžืชืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืื™ืชืŸ.
ื’ื™ืœ 28-49 โ€“ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืงืจืžื˜ื™ืช โ€“ ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ืœ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื—ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•, ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื•ื“ื™ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืœื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื ื™ื, ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจืคืื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื•ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื•ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ.
ื’ื™ืœ 56-77 โ€“ ื ืชื™ื ื” ืงืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช โ€“ ื”ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื‘ื• ื ืคืชื—ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื ืชื™ื ื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ืžืงืจืžื”, ื–ื”ื• ื”ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ืฉื™ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื” , ืกืœื™ื—ื” ื•ืงื‘ืœื” ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื ืชื™ื ื”.
ย 
ื”ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ืงืจืžื˜ื™ื•ืช. ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ื ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืงืฉื” ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืจื“ื•ืงืฆื™ื” ืœืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื–ืขื–ืขื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืขืฉื” ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ืื‘-ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืืจื•ืขื™ื ื•ื”ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•, ืคื•ืชื—ืช ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•, ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืฆื•ื”ืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื. ืœืžืฉืœ ืื“ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ื ื˜ื™ื” ื”ื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœื•, ื’ื™ืœื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืœื•ื—ื ืฆืขื™ืจ ื—ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืขืจืฆื” ืœืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืชื ืœื—ื. ืื™ืฉื” ืืฉืจ ื‘ื—ื ื” ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ืขื ืืžื ืฉืœื” โ€“ ืืžื ืฉืœื” ืจื—ืฆื” ืื•ืชื” ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ 20- ืจืืชื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื ื”ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ืฉื”ืชืขืžืจ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™. ืืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื โ€“ ื‘ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื•ื• ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ืฉืžืžื ื• ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ. ืื™ืฉื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ื—ื ื” ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื” ืขื ื‘ืขืœื” ื•ืจืืชื” ื›ื™ ื”ื ืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื ืฉืื•ืช ื•ื‘ื‘ื•ื–. ื”ื‘ื•ื– ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืฉืœ ย ื”ื‘ืขืœ. ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืขืœืชื” ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืจืืฉ ืžื ื–ืจ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื™ื” ื ื–ื™ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜. ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืจื™ืฅ ืืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื™ื ื–ืจ, ื•ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื ื–ืจ ื–ืœื–ืœ ื‘ื•. ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืื™ื ืงืจื ืฆื™ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ื–ื” ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืื™ืฉื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ.
ย 
ื‘ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืขื•ืœื” ืฉืืœืช ื”ืงืจืžื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช:
1. ย  ย  ย ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืงืจืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžื‘ื™ื ืื™ืชื• ืžื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืื• ืžืชืงืฉื•ืจ.
2. ย  ย  ย ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื ืคืฉ[34]
3. ย  ย  ย ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืงืจืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ.
ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ืžืกืžื›ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชื ื”ืœ ื›ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื—ื•ืงืจ , ืืฉืจ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ย ื˜ืขื•ืช โ€“ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืงืจืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช. ืžื˜ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ย ืืช ื”ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืงื™ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืงืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื•ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืœืฉืคื•ืš ืื•ืจ ืขืœ ืืจื•ืขื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืžืงื“ืžืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช, ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื•ืจื™ืคื•ื™. ื”ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื’ื ืืช ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืœื‘, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืงืจืžื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืืช ืฉื›ืœื•ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื ืคืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื ืกืชืจื™ื, ืžื”ืŸ ืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงืจืžื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื’ื ืœืคืชื— ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื˜ืขื•ืช, ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื™, ืื• ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืžืจื—ื™ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืื”. ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืœืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืชื ื•.[35]
ย 
ื—ื•ืง ื”ื”ืคื ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืงืจืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืื™ืชื• ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“. ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจืช ืข"ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื™ ื‘ืื™ื ืงืจื ืฆื™ื” ืื—ืช ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืืกื˜ืจืœื™ ื‘ืื™ื ืงืจื ืฆื™ื” ื”ื‘ืื”, ืืœื” ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืืชืจื™ ื‘ืื™ื ืงืจื ืฆื™ื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ื” ื•ื›ื•. ืœืžืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื” ืืฉืจ ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื”ืชื—ืงื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื™ื™ื” ื›ืžืฉื’ื™ื—, ื”ื ื•ื’ืฉ ื‘ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื“ื™ื. ื”ืฉื ืื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืื™ื ืงืจื ืฆื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื ืงืจื ืฆื™ื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ืื™ื ืงืจื ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืื“ื ื‘ืขืœ ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ ืฉื›ืœื™. ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืื—ืช ืชื™ืืจื” ืœืคื ื™ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ื›ื›ื•ืžืจ ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™. ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืื– ื‘ื–ืจื ื“ืชื™ ืฉื›ืœืชื ื™ ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืืช ื”ื ื˜ื™ื” ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ืช ื”ืฉื›ืœืชื ื™ืช ืฉืœื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ื›ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื.
ย 
ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืงืจืžื˜ื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื: ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืชืื™: ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ย ืืฉืจ ืžืขืœื•ืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจืžื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืื‘ื—ื ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื—ื•ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื’ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื”ืงืจืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื•ืœืช. ืืฆืœ ื”ืื—ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืžื™ืœื”, ื’'ืกื˜ื”, ื“ืขื” ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื. ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœืคืชื— ืงืฉื‘ ืœืื•ืชื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื ื ืจืื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืชื•ืงืฃ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืื“ื ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ื›ื™ ื™ืžืฆื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื—ืกืจ ื›ืœ, ืื—ืจ ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื›ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ืจืขืชื•, ืื• ืœื—ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ืื“ื ื”ื—ื™ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื›ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื• ืขื•ืฉืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืจืื” ืื—ืจืช.
ย 
ื”ืคืขื™ืžื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื™ ืœืขื•ืœื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืจื›ื– ืœืคืจื™ืคืจื™ื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™. ื›ืœ ื ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื”ืฉืขืจื” ืงืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืขืžืงื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื‘ื–ืจื, ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืืœื™ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ืš, ื•ื›ืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ื›ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื—ืงื™ืจื” ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ืช. ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื’ื™ืื ื™ืช ืžืกืชืคืงื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืœืœื ื“ื—ืฃ ืœื—ืงื™ืจื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืจื‘ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื•ืœืฆื™ื“ื• ืคื—ื“ ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ืงืจืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช. ืจืง ืžืกืš ื“ืง ืžืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืขื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืžื”ืื™ื ืงืจื ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื. ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ย ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ื ืฉืขื ืช ื”ื™ื•ื, ื•ืชืฉืขืŸ ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ืืช ืžื—ืกื•ื ื”ืคื—ื“ ื•ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืงืจืžื” ืฉื”ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื.
ย 
ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ย ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ื‘ืงืจืžื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ย ื”ืชืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื—ืจ, ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ืฉืœ ืืžืคื˜ื™ื” ื•ื—ืžืœื” ื•ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื. ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ืžื™ ืฉืœื ืžื•ืฆื ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื›ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ , ืœื ื™ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”'ืื—ืจ' ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื, ื›ื™ ื’ื ืฉื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืžืคื˜ื™ื” ืœืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื ื• ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช. ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ืคืกืข ืžืจืื™ื” ืงืจืžื˜ื™ืช[36]. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื ื• ืื ื ื“ืข ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืจื‘ ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ย ื”ื–ื”, ืื• ื ื™ืฉืืจ ืžืคื•ื—ื“ื™ื - ย ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืงืจืžื” ืœื—ื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ืžื—ืžื™ืฆื™ื ืืช ืคืขื™ืžืช ื”ืื“ื-ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื’ื•ืœืžืช ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•.
ย 
"ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืงืจืžื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืงืจื ืœื”ืฉื’ื•ืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื’ืจื™ื“ื ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื ื•; ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื ื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืื“ื ื›ื•ืœื•- ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื•. ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืงืจืžื” ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื”ืœื‘, ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ. ืื ื ืจื›ืฉ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืงืจืžื˜ื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•, ื›ื™ ืื– ื™ื•ืขืžืงื• ื—ื™ื™ ืื ื•ืฉ ื•ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจืื•ื™ื” ืชื™ื ืชืŸ ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืœื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“. ื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืจื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื›ื‘ื“ ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื™ื, ืื•ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืจื’ืขื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ืชืื–ื ื• ืข"ื™ ืจื’ืขื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžืฉืื™ืœื” ืœื• ื”ืงืจืžื” ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื, ืขืœื™ื”ื ืชื•ื›ืœ ื ืคืฉื• ืœืขื•ืฃ ืžืŸ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ืืจืฆื™ืช ืืœ ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืืœื™ื. ืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืงืจืžื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™. ื–ื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื ื• ื›ื”ื•ื•ื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืืจืฆื™ืช ืื—ืช, ื—ื•ืœืฃ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืœืœื™ื“ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื”ื ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ื‘ื• ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื™ื ื‘ื ื• ื‘ื™ื“, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืœืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืจืืจื›ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœื˜ืคื— ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœื™ื“ืข ืงืจืžืชื™ ืื ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืงืจืžื” ืืช ื™ื“ื ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื™ื. ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื›ื ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ, ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืงืจื™ื, ืœื’ืฉืช ืœื™ื“ืข ื”ืงืจืžื˜ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืจื’ืฉ: ืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ย ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื— ื‘ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ืืœื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืงืจืžื”, ื›ื™ ืื– ื—ื™ื™ื• ืื ื™ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืืช ื™ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื™ื."[37]
ย 
ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื, ืžื•ืจื” ืœืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื•ืžื ื—ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืงืจืžื”.
ย 
ื”ืขืจื•ืช:

[1] ืจืื” ื”ืจืจื™ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื ื•ื— ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืจ ย .
[2]GA 196 ื”ืจืฆืื” ืžื”6 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1920 ย 
[3] ย ืืžื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืงื•ื—ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื•ืœื˜ืจ ื™ื•ื”ื ืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1922.W.J. Stein/ Rudolf Steiner Dokumentation eines wegweisenden Zusammenwirkens
[4] "ืžื”ืคืš ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื•ื™ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”"
GA 187 S. 94
[5] ืขืœ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื–ื• ืจืื” ื’ื ืžืืžืจื™ ื‘ืื“ื ืขื•ืœื 34
[6]GA 187 ืจืื” ื”ืจืฆืื” ืžื”28 ืœื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1918 ย 
[7]GA 187 ืจืื” ื”ืจืฆืื” ืžื”-1 ืœื™ื ื•ืืจ 1919 ย  ย ย 
[8]GA 190 ื”ืจืฆืื” ืžื”5 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1919
[9] ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืงื•ื ื™ ื“ืขืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื โ€“ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืœื”ืชืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืข-ืจื•ื—ื™ืช
[10] ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ืกืจื’ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืื•ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกืœื™ื—ื”ืคืจืง 6
[11] ืจืื” ื”ืจืฆืื” ืžื”2 ืœื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1911 ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื'
[12] ืจืื” ื”ืขืจื” 10
[13] ืžื—ื–ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช
[14] ืจืื” ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื•- ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ? ื˜ืื•ื’ื• ืืจืžื™ืŸ ืกื•ืื ืก ืงืจื˜ื•
[15]GA 123 ย ื”ืจืฆืื” ืžื”11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1910ย 
[16] ืจืื” ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ืกืจื’ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืื•ืงื•ืŸืœื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกืœื™ื—ื” ย ืขืž.149
[17]GA 240 ืจืื” ื”ืจืฆืื” ืžื”25 ืœื™ื ื•ืืจ 1924ย 
[18]GA 240 ืจืื” ื”ืจืฆืื” ืžื”16 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1924
[19] ืจืื” ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ืกืจื’ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืื•ืงื•ืŸืœื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกืœื™ื—ื” ย ืขืž. 164
[20]"ื”ื™ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื“ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื ื”ืœ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืœืขื™ื ืงืจื‘ ืงืฉื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืืœื” ื”ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืจืง ืืช ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื" ย ื”ืจืฆืื” ืžื”1 ืœื™ื ื•ืืจ 1919 ย  ย GA 187
[21] ืจืื” ย  Prokofieff ย Sergej & Lazarides Christian Der Fall Tomberg ย P.107 ย . ื’ื ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื•ืฆืขื” ืขื™ืกืงื” ืข"ื™ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืกื•ืคื™ื: ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืงืจื™ืฉื ืžื•ืจื˜ื™ ื›ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•ืข ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ื• ื›ื’ื™ืœื’ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื”ืื‘ื ื’ืœื™ืกื˜.(ื”ืจืฆืื” ืžื” 28 ืœืžืจืฅ 1916 (GA 167
[22] ย  "ื”ืคื—ื“ ืื™ื ื• ื—ืกืจ ื‘ื™ืกื•ืก. ...ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืืชื ื”ื–ื™ืจื” ืœืคืขื•ืœืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื™ื•ืช" ย ื”ืจืฆืื” ืžื”1 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1919 187 GA .
[23] ย ืจืื” Hans Peter van Manen ย Twin Roads to the New Millenium p. 7ย 
[24] ย ื™ื—ืกื™ ืงืจืžื” ื›ืจืš ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืจืฆืื” ืžื”3 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1924 (237 GA )
[25] ย ื™ื—ืกื™ ืงืจืžื” ื›ืจืš ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืจืฆืื” ืžื”-8 ืœืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1924 (237 GA )
[26] ย "ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื ืื™ ื’ื ืื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื•ื”ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืข"ื™ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื•, ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.... ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ืžืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื ื• ื”ืขืœ-ื—ื•ืฉื™ ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช?" ื™ื—ืกื™ ืงืจืžื” ื›ืจืš ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืจืฆืื” ืžื”8 ืœื™ื•ืœื™ 1924 (237 GA )
[27] ย ื–ื”ื• ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืชืื•ืจ ืงืฆืจ ื•ืคืฉื˜ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช, ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืคืจื•ื˜ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ื ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ Hans Peter van Manen ย Twin Roads to the New Millennium
[28] ย Bodo von Plato ย Zur Entwicklung der ย Anthroposophischen Gesellscaft ย  ืขืž. 86
[29] ย ืจืื” ื”ืจืฆืื” ืžื”21 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1924 (243 GA )
[30] ืจืื” Coenraad van Houten practicing Destiny
[31] ย ืจืื” ื”ืจืฆืื” ืžื”30 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1912 ื”ืชื’ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื” ื•ืงืจืžื” (135 GA )
[32] ย "ืžื” ืฉื”ืื“ื ืจื•ืื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš, ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืื• ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืœืฆื™ืช ืื“ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืื• ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืขืžื™ื, ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื›ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืืœ ย ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืงื•ืกืžื™ื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืงืจืžื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื" ื”ืจืฆืื” ืžื”-6 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1924 ื™ื—ืกื™ ืงืจืžื” ื›ืจืš ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ (237 GA )
[33] ื”ืจืฆืื” ืžื”-18 ืœืžืื™ 1924 ื™ื—ืกื™ ืงืจืžื” ย ื›ืจืš ืฉื ื™ (236 GA )
[34] ย ืจืื” ืœืžืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื™ื•ื ื’ื™ืื ื™ืช ืขื ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘- Roger j. Woolger Other Lives, Other Selves
[35] ย ืจืื” Rabbi Yonassan Gershom Beyond the Ashes
[36] ย ื”ืจืฆืื” ืžื”4 ืœื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1909 117 ย GA
[37] ย ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ืžื”-29 ืœื™ื•ื ื™ 1924 ื™ื—ืกื™ ืงืจืžื” ื›ืจืš ืฉื ื™ ย (236 ย GA )

ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ืจืฉื ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืœื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื?
ืžืœืื• ืืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื›ื.
ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ!
ืชื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ืชื›ื
ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช,
ื ืฆื™ื’ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื›ื ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘.
ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื
ื‘ื™ื”"ืก ืœื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื ื•ืกื“ ื‘-1998 ืข"ื™ ื“ื ื™ ืืžืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืขื™ื ืช ื•ืžืฆื™ืข ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืชืœืช ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืœื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ืข ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ื•ืกื“ื ืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
ื‘ื™ื”"ืก ืœื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื ืœื• ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจืคื™ื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ืžืชื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื–ืžื ื ื• ื›ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขืžื•ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื— ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืืฉืจ ืžื‘ืฉืจืช ืžืจืคื ืœืžื›ืื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ื‘ื™ื”"ืก ื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ย ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ืืฉืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื•ืคื•ื ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื”ื›ืฉืจืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™.