ืžืืžืจื™ื | ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”

ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”

ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื ืคืฉ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื“ื โ€“ ืขื•ืœื, ืืฉืจ ืคืชื— ืฉืืœื•ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•. ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ื™ืขืฉื” ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืจืื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืืฉืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืื•ืœื™ ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœืžื•ืก ืžื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืื—ืจืช.
ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืžืจื—ื™ืงืช ืœื›ืช: ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ื ืช ืืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื ื• โ€“ ืœื ืจืง ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœื”- ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ, ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื•ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžืกืงื ื” ื›ื™ ื–ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืžื‘ื•ื™ ืกืชื•ื. ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืืช ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฆื•ืจืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืข"ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืงื• ื”ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ื•ืœืš ืขื“ ืœื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื• ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื™ืชืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจื• ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื. ื”ืงืฉื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื“ื•ืคืง ื”ืคื•ืขื ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืขืœ ืจื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื• ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื•ืœื“ื•ืจืฃ ื™ืชื™ื—ืกื• ืื—ืจืช ืœื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืืฉืจ ืœื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ ืขืฉืจ. ื’ื ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื” ื ื“ืจืฉ ื™ื—ืก ืงืฉื•ื‘, ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืœื–ืžืŸ, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ืœืžืกืงื ื” ื›ื™ ืžืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช, ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืœืขื™ื, ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืจื‘ืชื™ ืืฉืจ ืชืฉื ื” ืืช ื™ื—ืก ื”ืื“ื ืœืขืฆืžื•, ื™ื—ืกื™ื• ืขื ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ืงืฉืจื™ื• ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžืงื•ืžื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื”.
ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื’ื™ืœ ย ืฆืขื™ืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื”"ืก ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ืชื— ื•ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœ ืœืฉื ืขืฆื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื•ื’ื™ ืœืคื™ืจื“ื™, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ืœื“ื™ืžื•ื™. ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืชื ื•. ื ืฉืืœืช ื”ืฉืืœื”- ืœืืŸ ืชื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ืฆื•ืจืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“? ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื–ื• ย ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื“ื•ืžื, ื”ืžืช, ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื ืงื ืืชื ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืืฉืจ ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื“ืžื•ืช ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืชื•ืš ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื” ื—ื•ืžืจื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื”ืฉืจืืชื ื‘ืื” ืžืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืœืชืคื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื—ืงื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™. ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื›ืžื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืžืขื˜ ืžืื“ ืžื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœืื“ื. ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื ืชื— ื•ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืžื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืจืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช. ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืจืง ืืช ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื”ื’ื•ื–ืจ ื•ืžืคืจื™ื“ ื•ืจืง ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื—ื™, ื”ื—ื ื”ื‘ื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืกืคื•ื’ ื‘ืื”ื‘ื” ืœื‘ืจื™ืื” ื›ื•ืœื”.
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื•ื–ื ืงืจื•ื™ืฆืจื™ืช ื•ื›ื ืืžืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ืชื”, ืืฉืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื–ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืกืชื•ื ืืฉืจ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืœืœื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืืœื™ื•. ื”ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื- ืื™ื›ื•ืชื ื™ื™ื ื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ืงืฉื™ื. ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ, ื•ืฉื ื™ืช ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจ, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืœื‘ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืชืฆืคื™ืช, ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื›ืœื™ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื›ืœืœื™ืช.
ื”ืžื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืกืชื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืงืจื™ืื” ืœืžื”ืคื›ื”[1], ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื™ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ, ื™ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืชื›ืœืœื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืขืฆืžื•, ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ย ืฉืœื• ืžืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช. ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื•-ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžื ื•ื›ืจ ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืœืžื• ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืื™ื ื ืจืœื‘ื ื˜ื™ื ืœืžื—ืงืจ- ืœืื“ื ื”ืฆื•ืขื“ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช, ื•ื”ืฆื•ื•ื™ ื“ืข ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.

ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืื™ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.[2] ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืชืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืจืื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชืžื•ื ืชื™ ืคื™ื•ื˜ื™, ืจืื™ืช ื”ื ื’ืœื” ื›ืžืฉืœ, ืืฉืจ ืžื’ืœื” ืœื ื• ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื•ื•ืชื” ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืชืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื—ื™, ืœืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื”ื ืงื ื™ืช ืข"ื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืชื™ืžื˜ื™ืช ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ื™ื”ื•ื” ื”ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืื™ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื™ืขืจ ืขื‘ื•ืช ืœืœื ืžืคื” ื•ืœืœื ืžืฆืคืŸ, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืื“ื ื™ืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืœืื” ืื™ื ื ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืœืื“ื, ืืš ื”ืžืกืข ืœืงืจืืช ืื•ื‘ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ืช, ื ืฉืขืŸ,ื›ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื•ืฆื, ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืจื›ืฉืช ืžืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
ื’ืชื” ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœื ื• ื‘ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืื™ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืœ "ืื‘ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื”". ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื’ื•ืฃ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืืช ื›ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืื• ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ื›ืชืžื•ื ืช-ืžืฉืœ, ื›ืื‘-ืชื•ืคืขื” ืืฉืจ ื“ืจื›ื• ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืื•ืช ืืช ืคืฉืจืŸ. ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื‘ืจ ื—ื•ืฉ, ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืฉืคืข ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื•- ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ ื›ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื. ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืขืžื•ืง ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื ื˜ื™ื” ืœื—ื™ืงื•ื™. ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื’ื•ืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืฉืœืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื ืฉืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืจืš ื•ืืช ื”ื ื˜ื™ื” ืœืชื•ื ื•ืœืืžื•ืŸ. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ ืื‘ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ืืฉืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ืกื“ืจ ืœืžื—ืงืจ, ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงืฉืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื ื—ืงืจ ืœืฉืœืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืืœื” ื”ื ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืื™ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช. ืืœื™ื”ื ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื™ื ื”ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืื™ื ืกืคืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืื“ื ืžื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื• ืœืชื ื•ืขื”. ื”ื”ืฆืžื“ื•ืช ืœื“ืขื•ืช, ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ืจืื•ืช ืื—ืช, ืœืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช, ืœื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืื“ื ืœื”ืชืงื“ื. ื ื“ืจืฉ ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ืขืงื‘ื™ ื‘ืจืื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืจืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ื–ืจื” ืฉืœ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืจืื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืื ืื“ื ืžืชืืžืŸ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืจืื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืช, ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ืฉ ื•ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืืœื” ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืื™ื‘ืจ-ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื—ื“ืฉ ืืฉืจ ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ื ืื•ืชื• ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ. ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืขื•ื“ ืชืจื’ื•ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืขืžืงื” ื•ืฉื›ืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ื•.
ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืืœื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœื™ื—ืกื™ ืื“ื-ืขื•ืœื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื“ื ื”ื ื™ืฆื‘ ืžื ื•ื›ืจ ืžื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ืฆืœื™ืœ ื•ืฆื‘ืข, ืื“ื ืืฉืจ ื—ื™ ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืžืืงืจื•ืงื•ืกืžื•ืก ืขื ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืงื•ืกืžื•ืก ื•ืžื•ืฆื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืฆืžื• ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื’ืฉืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื”ืื“ื ื”ืฉืœื ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื•, ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ืžื”ื“ื”ื“ ืืช ืฆืœื™ืœื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžื•ืฆื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืง ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื–ืจื— ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ืืฉืจ ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉื•ืชื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื• ืœื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช.
ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื”, ืฉื‘ื” ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื™ืฉื•ืชื• ื•ื‘ืจืืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ื›ืื“ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ, ื ืฉื™ืžืชื ื• ื ืขืชืงืช ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืฉืคืข ื”ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžืคืจื™ื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื™ื“ืจืฉื•-ืื ืœื ืžืื•ืช, ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื”, ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื’ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืืชืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ืคื•ืจืฆื™ ื“ืจืš. ืืš ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืจืง ื”ื”ืงื“ืžื”- ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ืžืฆื™ืข ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืžืื•ืช, ืืœืคื™ื ื•ืื—"ื› ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžืขื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื โ€“ ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื• ื–ืงื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ืคืจื• ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ื ื•ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืงื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ื•ืฉื™, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื•ื•ื™ ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืื“ื, ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื™ื ื‘ืขื• ืžื”ืื“ื ื”ืฉืœื, ืžื”ืื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื‘ ื•ืœื ืžื”ืื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืืฉ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
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ืœืœื ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื–ื• ืื ื• ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื–ืจื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžืช ื•ืœืฆื™ื“ื” ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื ื“ื—ืคืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™- ืคืจื•ื‘ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืžืื‘ื“ืช ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช ื•ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื” ื›ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืœืื“ื. ืœื ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืžืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื–ื•. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื” ื ื•ืคืœืช ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืืœืคื™ื ืฉื ื” ืขื ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื–ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช. ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื—ืช ืืช ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืžื›ื•ืขืจื•ืช ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ืคืš ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœื—ื•ืœืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•,ื•ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื—ื“ ืฆื“ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื•ืœืชื•. ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืฉื ืื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช. ื”ืื“ื ื”ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ืžืคื•ืฆืœ, ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ื’ื™ืฉ ืœืื ืœื™ื–ื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืฆืœ ื”ืžื‘ื™ื ืจื•ืข ืœืขื•ืœื. ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื–ื•ืจืขืช ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ื ื•ื’ืขืช, ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืขืœื™ื™ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื, ืื“ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื–ืจืขื• ื”ืจืก, ื›ืื•ืก, ื ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื•ืฉืคื™ื›ื•ืช ื“ืžื™ื.
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ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืžื‘ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื•ืจื ืขืœื™ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•. ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื–ื• ื ื‘ื ื™ืช ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืœืืœื•ื”ื™ื. ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื›ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื ืžื•ืฉืชืชื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ืื‘ืกื•ืœื•ื˜ื™ืช ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™ืช ืžืœืžืขืœื”, ืืœื ืขืœ ื—ืชื™ืจื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœืืžืช ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืชื›ืœืœืช ืžืชื•ืš ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืžืชืžืฉืš ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ืชืขื™ื” ืขื ื”ื‘ื•ืจื. ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืื™ื ืกืคื™ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืื“ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ, ืœื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช, ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื ืกืชืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื: ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”.
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ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืื•ืชื” ืžื‘ืฉืจืช ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ืจื›ื”. ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ืืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ื, ืœื”ื™ืคืš โ€“ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”, ืืฉืจ ื›ื” ื—ืกืจ ื”ื™ื•ื- ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืœื–ืจืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืœื ื•ืข ืงื“ื™ืžื”. ื’ืœ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื“ืชื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ื’ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฉืคื” ืฉืœืžื” ืืฉืจ ืžืชื›ืœืœืช ืื•ืชื• ืœื›ืœืœ ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื” ื—ื“ืฉื”-ื‘ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”.
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ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืจืื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืชื•ืืจื” ืขื“ ื›ื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื• ื‘ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 'ืื“ื ืขื•ืœื'. ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืกื•ืฃ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืžื” ืฉืชืืจื ื•- ื”ืžื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืกืชื•ื ืฉืืœื™ื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืขื ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื‘ืื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืข"ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื˜ื•ืคื—ื” ืข"ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช. ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื•ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื–ื ืืš ืื™ื ื” ืžืฉืจืชืช ืืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช. ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืืช ื—ืœืงื ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ืœื ื”ื›ื™ืจ, ืืš ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ืจืื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื”ืขืจื” ืืฉืจ ืžื–ืžื™ื ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื–ืžื ื ื•. [3]
ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฉ ื•ืœื ืœืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ื“ืง, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื•ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช. ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืืœ ื–ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื‘ื• ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืจืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื•ื ื”. ืœืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื•ื. ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉืืคืฉืจื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ื ืฉื’ื‘, ืขื ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืจืื™ื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืœื›ื• ื•ื ืขืœืžื•. ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช, ื•ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืฉื™ื, ื™ืฉืžืจ ืžืงื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืืžื•ื ื” ื•ืœืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื“ืชื™, ืœื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ืœืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ืฉื”ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื”. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื ื›ืœืžื™ื ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื›ื— ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข. ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ืืœื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื”ื ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืกื’ืช ืœืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ืงืื ื˜ื™ืื ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื™ื“ื™ืขื”, ืœื“ื‘ื•ืง ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื–ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื”- ืžืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื โ€“ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืชื” ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืชืืจื ื• ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืžืืžืจ. ื ืกื™ื’ื” ื–ื• ืžื—ืžื™ืฆื” ืืช ืœื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืฃ ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื›ืš, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ืคืื ืื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืจืื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ื ืžืจืฅ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืจืื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืกื•ึผื’ึดื™ึธื”. ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืืกื•ืŸ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
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ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื™ืžื ื• ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉื”. ืœื˜ื›ืกื™ื ืžืจื•ืžื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืช, ืœื‘ืจื›ื” ,ืœืชืคื™ืœื”, ืœืคื™ื•ื˜ ื•ืœื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืืœื” ื™ืœืงื—ื• ืžืžื ื•. ืืš ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ืžืชืจื—ืงืช ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื•ื”ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื” ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืžืกืขื•ืช ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืจืกื ื™ื™ื. ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืจืืฉื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื•ืื™ืœื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ืžืชืขืฆืžืช ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืขื ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื ืฉื’ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืš ื”ืคืขื ืžืชื•ืš ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ืช, ืœืœื ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื™ื, ื”ื ืฉืขื ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืฉืœื• ืขื ื”ื‘ื•ืจื. ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื“ืชื™ืช. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืœื‘ืจื•ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื“ืจื›ื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื•ืฆื“ืง ืœื”ืืฉื™ื ืืช ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื•ื™ืจืืช ืฉืžื™ื. ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ืœื ืžืจื‘ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช, ืืš ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื”ืขืจื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืฆื‘ ื”ืชื ืกื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืขื–ื•ืข, ืคืœื™ืื” ื™ืจืื” ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืขื™ืœืื™ืช. ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื™ืจืืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื—ื ืš ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœื ืคืฉ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”, ืœืื•ืชื• ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ื–ืžื ื ื•. ืžื” ื–ื•ืจื ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื™ืจืืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœืืœื•ื”ื•ืช? ื–ื•ืจื ืืœื™ื” ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืœื”ืงื™ืฃ, ืœื ืขื ืจืฆื•ื ื” ื•ืœื ืขื ืขื•ืฆืžืชื”: ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื”-ื•ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืœื•ื”ื•ืช_ ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื”. [4] ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื•ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืžื˜ื‘ืข- ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืืš ื”ืื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืืœื•ื”ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื— ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™. ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื ืชืคืฉืช ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื ืชืคืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื”. ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช: ืื—ืช ื›ืชืื•ืจ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื›ืชืื•ืจ ืœื‘ื•ืจื ืขื•ืœื ื—ื•ื‘ืง ื›ืœ.
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ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื’ื™ืื” ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืจื›ืช. ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ื”ืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ืขื”[5] ื•ื”ืชื’ื ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืฉืจื™ื“ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืื•ืชื” ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืงื“ืฉืช ืืช ื”ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’. ื”ืคื ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ ืงื•ื“ื, ื”ื™ื ืœื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืชื™ืช-ื“ืชื™ืช ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืฉืฉืช ืžื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื–ืจื” ืœืžื”ื•ืชื”.
ย 
ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื•ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช. ื–ื” ื™ืงืจื” ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื• ืื•ืชื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืจืง ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื“ืข, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื™ืฉืชื—ืจืจื• ืžืŸ ื”ื ื˜ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื‘ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืชืคืชื—ื• ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืชื’ื‘ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืขื ื–ืจืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืขื ื”ืืœื•ื”ื•ืช.
ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”
ื’ื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืžืื”ื‘ื”
ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ืืช ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืื“ื
ืžืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—.
ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช
ืœื‘ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืื”ื‘ื”
ื™ืื™ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”.
ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื”ื™ื ืจืง ื”ืฆื•ืจื”
ืฉื‘ื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืื“ื ืชื•ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช
ืฉื”ืจื•ื— ืžืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
ืชื ื‘ื•ื˜ ื‘ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉ.[6]
ย 
ื”ืขืจื•ืช:

[1][1][1] ืชืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘GA ย 187 ื”ืจืฆืื” ืžื”-1 ืœื™ื ื•ืืจ 1919 .
[2] ืชืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื•ื–ื ืงืจื•ื™ืฆืจื™ืช ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื“ืจื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘"ืฉืขืจื™ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื•ื—" GA 95 ย ื”ืจืฆืื” ืžื”4 ืœืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1906.
[3] ื”ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ Ludwig Thieben Das Rรคtsel des Judentums ย  ืขืž.254
[4] ืžืชื•ืš ืžื˜ืžื•ืจืคื•ื–ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ (GA58) ย ื”ืจืฆืื” ืžื”28 ืœืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1909 .
[5] ืคืจืงื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืืงืฉื™ื•ืช (GA 11) ย ื”ืงื“ืžื”
[6] ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ย GA 257 ย ื”ืจืฆืื” ืžื”23 ืœื™ื ื•ืืจ 1923

ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ืจืฉื ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืœื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื?
ืžืœืื• ืืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื›ื.
ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ!
ืชื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ืชื›ื
ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช,
ื ืฆื™ื’ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื›ื ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘.
ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื
ื‘ื™ื”"ืก ืœื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื ื•ืกื“ ื‘-1998 ืข"ื™ ื“ื ื™ ืืžืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืขื™ื ืช ื•ืžืฆื™ืข ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืชืœืช ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืœื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ืข ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ื•ืกื“ื ืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
ื‘ื™ื”"ืก ืœื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื ืœื• ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจืคื™ื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ืžืชื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื–ืžื ื ื• ื›ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขืžื•ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื— ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืืฉืจ ืžื‘ืฉืจืช ืžืจืคื ืœืžื›ืื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ื‘ื™ื”"ืก ื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ย ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ืืฉืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื•ืคื•ื ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื”ื›ืฉืจืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™.